Chilean Spanish feels fast because the vocabulary, sound, grammar, and social register arrive in one packet. In sí, po, cachai, you get a reduced pues, an English-derived verb, Chilean voseo, and a discourse style that can sound casual, emphatic, or intimate depending on who says it.
This guide uses slang broadly: Chilean colloquialisms, discourse particles, youth words, insults, common Chileanisms, and words whose local meaning is stronger than the dictionary gloss. Some are Chile-specific. Others exist across Spanish but do different work in Chile.
Confidence labels mean this:
- Strong: dictionary, ASALE, RAE, or academic support for the meaning or etymology.
- Medium: plausible route, but partly reconstructed.
- Uncertain: the meaning is clear; the origin is disputed, weakly documented, or mostly folk etymology.
Start with these
po / poh
Meaning: Informal emphatic particle. In speech it can mean something like "obviously," "then," "you know," or just Chilean sentence glue.
Examples:
- Sí, po, la micro pasa por Alameda. — Yes, of course, the bus goes along Alameda.
- Ya, po, avísame cuando llegues. — Okay then, let me know when you arrive.
Register: Extremely common and low-risk in casual speech. Easy for visitors to over-season.
Origin: Reduced from Spanish pues. It is studied as a Chilean discourse marker for emphasis, closure, and intensification. (MDPI)
Confidence: Strong.
cachar / cachai
Meaning: To understand, notice, get, or figure out. ¿Cachai? means "you get it?" or "do you know?"
Examples:
- No cacho cómo comprar la tarjeta Bip! en esta estación. — I don't know how to buy the Bip! card at this station.
- ¿Cachai dónde queda el terminal? — Do you know where the bus terminal is?
Register: Informal and very common. A good recognition word for travelers.
Origin: From English to catch, according to the DLE. Cachai combines cachar with Chilean verbal voseo endings; studies of Chilean Spanish note forms such as hablái, sabíh, vivíh. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
weón / hueón / güeón
Meaning: Idiot, dude, friend, guy, or intensifier. Tone and relationship do most of the work.
Examples:
- Weón, mira la vista desde el cerro. — Dude, look at the view from the hill.
- No seái hueón, guarda el pasaporte en el locker. — Don't be an idiot; keep your passport in the locker.
Register: Vulgar and context-loaded. Recognize it early; do not throw it at strangers.
Origin: From huevón, from huevo plus augmentative -ón. ASALE records the specifically Chilean person/general-address uses alongside the older lazy/stupid sense. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
al tiro / altiro
Meaning: Immediately, right away.
Examples:
- Te mando la ubicación al tiro. — I'll send you the location right away.
- El recepcionista dijo que arreglaba la llave al tiro. — The receptionist said he would fix the key right away.
Register: Casual and safe. Useful for logistics.
Origin: Literally "at the shot." DLE treats altiro as a Chilean colloquial adverb meaning "immediately." (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
pololo / polola / pololear
Meaning: Boyfriend, girlfriend; to date or be in a dating relationship.
Examples:
- Mi polola llega mañana desde Concepción. — My girlfriend arrives tomorrow from Concepcion.
- Están pololeando hace dos meses. — They have been dating for two months.
Register: Normal informal vocabulary. Not rude.
Origin: DLE gives pololo as Mapuche in origin; pololear is pololo plus Spanish verbal -ear. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
bacán
Meaning: Cool, great, impressive, excellent.
Examples:
- El tour por Valparaíso estuvo bacán. — The Valparaiso tour was great.
- Qué bacán que encontraste alojamiento barato. — So cool that you found cheap accommodation.
Register: Casual and positive. Safe when it sounds natural.
Origin: From Genoese/Italianate baccan, "boss, patron"; in Chile it became a youth/colloquial adjective meaning very good. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
lata / qué lata / latero
Meaning: Annoyance, boredom, a drag; latero means boring or tedious.
Examples:
- Qué lata que cancelaron el ferry. — What a drag that they canceled the ferry.
- La fila estuvo latera, pero el museo valió la pena. — The line was tedious, but the museum was worth it.
Register: Casual and safe.
Origin: Spanish lata comes from medieval Latin latta, "long stick," perhaps Celtic. The Chilean annoying/boring sense is recorded in DLE. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong for the base word; the semantic extension is ordinary.
micro
Meaning: City bus.
Examples:
- Tomemos la micro en Alameda. — Let's take the bus on Alameda.
- ¿Esta micro llega a Bellavista? — Does this bus go to Bellavista?
Register: Everyday Chilean word. Safe.
Origin: Short for microbús, formed from micro- plus bus. Historical lexicographic evidence records the Chilean bus use. (rae.es)
Confidence: Strong.
luca
Meaning: 1,000 Chilean pesos.
Examples:
- El completo sale dos lucas. — The hot dog costs two thousand pesos.
- El locker cuesta tres lucas por día. — The locker costs three thousand pesos per day.
Register: Informal but ordinary. Good for prices in speech.
Origin: ASALE records the Chilean monetary meaning. The common link to peluca / pelucona, older coins with a wigged monarch, is better treated as popular etymology unless a stronger historical source is supplied. (Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Uncertain for the origin.
Indigenous and contact roots
guata
Meaning: Belly, stomach.
Examples:
- Me duele la guata después del mote con huesillo. — My stomach hurts after the mote con huesillo.
- Tengo la guata llena; comí demasiado. — My belly is full; I ate too much.
Register: Informal body word, common and not obscene.
Origin: From Mapuche huata, "belly." (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
poto
Meaning: Butt, backside.
Examples:
- Me caí sentado y me pegué en el poto. — I fell sitting down and hit my butt.
- Ese pantalón tiene roto el poto. — Those pants are ripped in the seat.
Register: Informal body word; milder than the heavy garabatos, still not formal.
Origin: From Mochica potos, "private parts"; DLE records the Chilean/Andean buttocks sense. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
guagua
Meaning: Baby.
Examples:
- La señora subió con una guagua a la micro. — The woman got on the bus with a baby.
- Shh, la guagua está durmiendo. — Shh, the baby is sleeping.
Register: Normal Chilean/Andean word. Safe.
Origin: From Quechua wáwa, "baby/child." Used in Chile and several Andean countries. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
charquicán
Meaning: Chilean stew.
Examples:
- Hoy el menú trae charquicán con huevo frito. — Today's menu has charquican with fried egg.
- Mi abuela hace el charquicán con zapallo y papas. — My grandmother makes charquican with squash and potatoes.
Register: Food word. Safe.
Origin: From Mapuche charkikan, "to prepare charqui," built on Quechua ch'arki, "dried meat," plus a Mapuche verbal suffix. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
pichintún
Meaning: A tiny bit, a little amount.
Examples:
- Ponle un pichintún de ají, no más. — Add just a tiny bit of chili, no more.
- Háblame un pichintún más lento, porfa. — Speak a tiny bit slower, please.
Register: Gentle informal word. Safe.
Origin: DLE records the Chilean meaning "pizca." A Mapudungun analysis connects it to pichin, "small/little," plus a suffixal element. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Medium.
cahuín
Meaning: Gossip, intrigue, messy conflict.
Examples:
- No te metas en ese cahuín; es problema de ellos. — Don't get involved in that drama; it's their problem.
- Se armó un cahuín por la reserva duplicada. — A messy conflict started over the duplicate booking.
Register: Informal. Can sound accusatory if aimed at someone's business.
Origin: Usually derived from Mapuche kawiñ, a gathering or festive meeting. The likely route is meeting to talk/gossip to intrigue. DLE records the Chilean intrigue/confused-situation senses. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Medium.
tuto / hacer tuto
Meaning: Sleep; hacer tuto means to sleep, often with a soft or childlike tone.
Examples:
- La guagua está haciendo tuto. — The baby is sleeping.
- Después del trekking necesito tuto urgente. — After the trek I urgently need sleep.
Register: Casual and harmless. Can sound cute or childish.
Origin: DLE records the Chilean sleep use. The common link to Quechua tuta, "night," is less firmly standardized than guagua from Quechua wáwa. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Medium / uncertain.
Social labels and judgment words
These words do more than describe. Cuico, flaite, rasca, and chanta can mark class, taste, trust, threat, or contempt inside one short sentence.
choro
Meaning: Cool, bold, brave, tough; in other contexts, thief.
Examples:
- Está choro el mural de Valpo. — The Valpo mural is cool.
- No te hagái el choro con el guardia. — Don't act tough with the guard.
Register: Casual and context-sensitive. Hacerse el choro can sound confrontational.
Origin: Two lines meet in one spelling. Choro "thief" comes through Caló from an Indic word meaning thief. Chilean senses such as bold/brave and the mollusk come from Quechua churu. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
sapear / sapo
Meaning: To snitch, spy, peek, or get nosy; sapo can mean snitch or nosy person.
Examples:
- No sapees mi conversación. — Don't snoop on my conversation.
- Alguien sapeó al grupo y llegó seguridad. — Someone snitched on the group and security arrived.
Register: Negative and accusatory. Avoid applying it to someone unless you understand the relationship.
Origin: From sapo plus -ear. DLE records the Chilean colloquial and criminal-slang meanings. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong.
copucha
Meaning: Gossip, rumor, juicy curiosity.
Examples:
- Cuenta la copucha: ¿qué pasó anoche? — Spill the gossip: what happened last night?
- No era noticia seria, era pura copucha. — It wasn't serious news; it was pure gossip.
Register: Informal and usually lighter than cahuín, though still about other people's business.
Origin: DLE derives copucha from copa and records an older bladder sense; ASALE records Chilean rumor/curiosity. The usual explanation is "inflated thing" to inflated news/gossip, but the full path is less secure than guata or cachar. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Medium.
caleta
Meaning: A lot, loads, very much.
Examples:
- Hay caleta de gente en el metro. — There are loads of people on the metro.
- Me gustó caleta ese barrio. — I liked that neighborhood a lot.
Register: Casual and safe.
Origin: Base caleta is a diminutive of cala, "small cove." ASALE records the Chilean youth/colloquial meaning "much/a large quantity." The jump from cove to large amount is unsettled in standard sources. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Medium / uncertain.
chanta
Meaning: Fake, scammy, unreliable, low-quality.
Examples:
- El tour salió chanta: prometieron guía y no llegó nadie. — The tour was scammy: they promised a guide and nobody came.
- Ese cargador es chanta; se rompió al segundo día. — That charger is low-quality; it broke on the second day.
Register: Negative judgment word. Useful for warnings; rude if said directly to a service worker or owner.
Origin: ASALE gives it as an apocope of chantapufi and records the Chilean bad-quality sense. Deeper origins are discussed in Río de la Plata / lunfardo contexts, but the immediate Chilean etymology is reasonably clear. (Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Medium.
flaite
Meaning: Derogatory class/style label for someone seen as vulgar, aggressive, low-status, or delinquent-coded.
Examples:
- Le dijeron flaite por la ropa, pésima onda. — They called him flaite because of his clothes, terrible vibe.
- De noche el sector se pone medio flaite, según la gente de acá. — At night the area gets kind of rough, according to locals.
Register: Class-coded and stigmatizing. Tourists should recognize it and avoid using it casually; it often says as much about the speaker's prejudice as about the target.
Origin: Darío Rojas rejects popular Air Flight and Flyte/Nike stories as unsupported. He proposes flaite < faite, likely via Peruvian Spanish and Chilean coa criminal slang, ultimately from English fighter, and marks the proposal as provisional. (SciELO)
Confidence: Medium.
cuico / cuica
Meaning: Upper-class, posh, snobbish, socially superior attitude.
Examples:
- Ese bar es bien cuico: puro gin caro y lista de espera. — That bar is very posh: expensive gin and a waiting list.
- La trataron de cuica por hablar con acento de colegio privado. — They called her posh because she spoke with a private-school accent.
Register: Class-coded and often mocking. It can be funny among friends or sharp when aimed at someone.
Origin: A sociolinguistic study notes that the word existed in the nineteenth century, earlier as a pejorative for Bolivians; the current upper-class/snob sense seems to consolidate after 1985. Folk acronym explanations such as culiado y conchetumadre are explicitly unconfirmed. (SciELO)
Confidence: Medium for the history; ultimate origin uncertain.
fome
Meaning: Boring, dull, not funny.
Examples:
- La fiesta estuvo fome. — The party was boring.
- El guía era buena onda, pero el tour salió fome. — The guide was nice, but the tour turned out boring.
Register: Casual and safe, but still a negative opinion.
Origin: DLE records Chilean fome as "boring, without grace," but does not give a settled etymology. A Portuguese fome, "hunger," origin is often proposed but unconfirmed. (Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Uncertain.
pega
Meaning: Job, work, workplace.
Examples:
- Tengo pega temprano, así que no salgo hoy. — I have work early, so I'm not going out today.
- ¿En qué pega estái ahora? — What job are you in now?
Register: Informal and everyday.
Origin: ASALE records the Chilean meaning "habitual income activity / employment." Common origin stories exist, but the etymology is not securely established in the main dictionary entry. (Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Uncertain.
rasca
Meaning: Low-quality, tacky, cheap-looking, poor taste.
Examples:
- Compré una mochila rasca y se rompió al tiro. — I bought a cheap, low-quality backpack and it broke right away.
- El aviso se veía rasca, pero el departamento estaba bien. — The ad looked tacky, but the apartment was fine.
Register: Negative and class/taste-coded. Fine for objects; harsher when used about people or neighborhoods.
Origin: ASALE records the Chilean low-quality sense. The obvious link is Spanish rascar, "to scratch," but the semantic development into tacky/low-grade is not tightly documented in major sources. (Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Uncertain.
Garabatos: recognize more than you deploy
Chilean swearing is a register system. The same word can be an insult, a friendly vocative, a frustration valve, or a pure intensifier. If you are outside the relationship, recognize first and copy later.
conchetumadre / conchesumadre / ctm
Meaning: Severe insult or explosive exclamation, aimed at a person, event, or situation.
Examples:
- Conchetumadre, perdí el pasaporte. — Fuck, I lost my passport.
- CTM, se fue la señal justo antes de pagar. — Fuck, the signal died right before paying.
Register: Strong profanity. Recognition vocabulary for travelers; keep it away from strangers, staff, police, and tense situations.
Origin: ASALE records conchetumadre as a Chilean vulgar-popular insult for a person considered to have done something bad. It is concha plus tu madre; DLE gives concha from late Latin conchŭla and records the Chilean vulgar body-term sense. (Spanish Language Academies; Spanish Dictionary)
Confidence: Strong for components and Chilean use; variants are register spellings.
chucha
Meaning: Vulgar taboo noun and interjection in phrases such as qué chucha, anda a la chucha, and más que la chucha.
Examples:
- ¿Qué chucha pasó con el bus? — What the hell happened with the bus?
- El mirador queda más lejos que la chucha. — The lookout is extremely far away.
Register: Strong profanity. Common to hear; wrong for polite, service, and family contexts.
Origin: DLE separates chucha as an expressive-origin vulgar body term in Chile and neighboring countries. ASALE records Chilean locutions such as la chucha, más que la chucha, and irse a la chucha. (Spanish Dictionary; Spanish Language Academies; Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong.
chuchada / echar chuchadas
Meaning: A swear word, rude utterance, or small worthless thing; echar/tirar chuchadas means to swear or curse.
Examples:
- El conductor empezó a echar chuchadas en el taco. — The driver started swearing in the traffic jam.
- No digas chuchadas frente a la guagua. — Don't say swear words in front of the baby.
Register: Refers to profanity. Less explosive than saying the underlying swear, but still informal.
Origin: From chucha plus -ada. ASALE records the Chilean senses "coarse/malsonante expression" and "small or unimportant thing." (Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong.
culeado / culiao / qliao
Meaning: Insult, contempt marker, rough in-group vocative, sometimes generic "guy/person" in very informal speech.
Examples:
- El qliao me empujó en la fila. — The asshole pushed me in line.
- Ya, culiao, deja de webear con mi mochila. — Dude/asshole, stop messing with my backpack.
Register: Vulgar and aggressive outside tight in-groups. Do not use as traveler banter unless the relationship is already clear.
Origin: ASALE records culeado in Chile both as "person/individual" and "bad person," besides the older sexual-passive insult. Culiao and qliao are speech/text spellings of the same family. (Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong for culeado; medium for spellings.
huevada / hueá / weá
Meaning: All-purpose "thing," "nonsense," "situation," "stuff," or "whatever."
Examples:
- ¿Dónde dejé la hueá del cargador? — Where did I leave the charger thing?
- No entiendo esta weá del formulario. — I don't understand this form nonsense.
Register: Vulgar but high-frequency. Less nuclear than the strongest insults, still wrong for formal or service contexts.
Origin: From huevo through huevada; ASALE records Chilean/Andean vulgar senses including "thing, matter, situation," "object whose name is unknown," and "stupid or unimportant act." Hueá/weá reflect pronunciation and internet writing. (Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong for huevada; medium for reduced spellings.
huevear / webear / wear
Meaning: To mess around, annoy, tease, party, waste time, or do/say nonsense.
Examples:
- Estamos puro hueveando; todavía no compramos los pasajes. — We're just messing around; we still haven't bought the tickets.
- No me vengái a wear si estoy trabajando. — Don't come bother me while I'm working.
Register: Vulgar-casual and context-dependent. Playful among friends; hostile when someone feels bothered.
Origin: From the huevo/huevada family plus verbal -ear. ASALE records Chilean senses including partying, doing or saying stupid things, and causing annoyance. (Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong for huevear; medium for reduced spellings.
pico
Meaning: Penis; also a blunt dismissal or intensifier in phrases such as me importa un pico.
Examples:
- Me importa un pico si llueve; igual voy. — I don't give a damn if it rains; I'm going anyway.
- Salió como el pico la reserva. — The reservation went terribly.
Register: Vulgar sexual word. Very common in insults and intensifiers, but not polite.
Origin: DLE and ASALE record the Bolivia/Chile vulgar body-term sense. The base DLE etymology goes to Latin picus, "woodpecker," through the beak/point word family; the taboo sense is a metaphorical extension. (Spanish Dictionary; Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong for use; semantic bridge is ordinary metaphor.
pichula
Meaning: Penis; used in sexual jokes and insults, sometimes as a vulgar negative evaluation.
Examples:
- Dibujaron una pichula en la puerta del baño. — They drew a penis on the bathroom door.
- El parlante sonó como la pichula. — The speaker sounded like crap.
Register: Vulgar sexual word. Recognition only for most traveler contexts.
Origin: DLE derives it from picha and records the Chile/Peru vulgar meaning. ASALE also records it for Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and parts of Argentina. (Spanish Dictionary; Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong.
raja / la raja
Meaning: Buttocks/anus in vulgar use; la raja means excellent; raja can also mean luck in some uses.
Examples:
- El concierto estuvo la raja. — The concert was awesome.
- Tuve raja y alcancé la última micro. — I got lucky and caught the last bus.
Register: Vulgar root, but la raja is a common positive casual phrase. Keep it out of formal contexts.
Origin: ASALE records Chilean raja for buttocks/anus and the Chilean locution la raja for "very good/excellent." The positive meaning is a Chilean semantic jump from taboo body word to hyperbolic evaluation. (Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong for meanings; semantic path partly reconstructed.
cagar / cagarla / la cagada
Meaning: To ruin, screw up, break down, make a hard-to-fix mistake; la cagada can also mean something very good in Chile.
Examples:
- La cagué con la fecha del vuelo. — I screwed up the flight date.
- El asado estuvo la cagada. — The barbecue was insanely good.
Register: Vulgar but common. It can be casual self-blame or strong criticism.
Origin: DLE derives cagar from Latin cacāre and records cagarla as "to commit a hard-to-solve error." ASALE records Chilean la cagada as a youth/vulgar expression for something very good. (Spanish Dictionary; Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong.
puta / puto / puta la hueá
Meaning: General profanity and intensifier; puta la hueá/weá marks anger, disbelief, pain, or exasperation.
Examples:
- Puta, se me quedó la chaqueta en el bus. — Damn, I left my jacket on the bus.
- Puta la hueá, cancelaron el viaje otra vez. — Fuck, they canceled the trip again.
Register: Vulgar. Puto can be derogatory around sexuality in some Spanish contexts, so avoid aiming it at people. Puta la hueá is common but not polite.
Origin: Puto/puta is a wider Spanish word. DLE gives a possible Vulgar Latin origin and records denigratory/intensifying uses. The Chilean formula comes from pairing it with hueá/weá. (Spanish Dictionary; Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong for components; medium for the full formula.
maraco / maraca
Meaning: Derogatory slur around sexuality/gender; in Chile it can also be a general insult for someone annoying or bad.
Examples:
- Le gritaron "maraco" en la calle; fue un insulto homofóbico, no una talla. — They yelled "maraco" at him in the street; it was a homophobic insult, not a joke.
- Usó "maraca" para atacar a una mujer y sonó misógino al tiro. — He used "maraca" to attack a woman and it immediately sounded misogynistic.
Register: Slur territory. Include it for recognition and harm-avoidance, not as tourist vocabulary.
Origin: ASALE records Chilean derogatory uses around homosexuality/effeminacy and a separate Chilean sense for a person who causes annoyance or does bad things. (Spanish Language Academies)
Confidence: Strong for use; origin uncertain.
Why Chilean Spanish feels so dense
The lexicon is genuinely thick. ASALE's Diccionario de americanismos covers about 70,000 words and 120,000 meanings across the Americas, and Chile contributes its own stack of regional vocabulary. (Spanish Language Academies) Sadowsky describes Chilean Spanish as a differentiated dialect zone shaped by relative isolation and historical marginality, with the Andes, Pacific, Atacama Desert, and Patagonia forming the obvious geography. (SciELO)
Indigenous contact is not museum material. A study of La Cuarta, a Chilean popular newspaper, found 132 indigenous-based neologisms in a 375-page corpus, with Quechua and Mapuche items especially important. (SciELO) Northern Chile also shows Aymara/Quechua and Peruvian/Bolivian lexical influence. (SciELO)
Sound makes the vocabulary harder to catch in real time. Rojas summarizes central Chilean features including seseo, yeísmo, /s/ aspiration or deletion, /d/ weakening, and alternation among tú, vos, and usted. (SciELO) Add reduced po and voseo forms like cachai, and the learner is parsing pronunciation, grammar, slang, and relationship all at once.
Social register moves fast. A recent volume description notes high social variation and relatively low geographic variation in Chilean Spanish. (Vernon Press) The RAE's Chile-focused discussion also emphasizes that accent, vocabulary, and register can mark class quickly. (rae.es) Cuico, flaite, rasca, chanta, and sapo carry social diagnostics, sometimes unfair ones.
Chile also inherited a long ideology of "bad Spanish." Memoria Chilena notes that Zorobabel Rodríguez's 1875 Diccionario de chilenismos treated many Chilean forms as errors against the Real Academia's norm; many were later accepted. (Memoria Chilena) Modern linguists treat Chilean Spanish as variation, register, and social perception, not linguistic inferiority. (El País)
Technical sources worth opening
- Dialect identity and variation: Chilean Spanish: Advances in Dialectology, Sociolinguistics and Language Change treats Chilean Spanish through variation, contact, innovation, and identity. (Vernon Press)
- Mapudungun influence: Sadowsky evaluates which proposed Mapudungun influences on Chilean Spanish are likely, unlikely, or still unproven. (SciELO)
- Indigenous lexical influence: San Martín studies Indigenous-origin words in Chilean popular press; Wagner studies Aymara/Quechua influence in northern Chilean Spanish. (SciELO; SciELO)
- Slang etymology: Rojas tests folk etymologies for flaite using historical and dialectal evidence. (SciELO)
- Voseo and address forms: Fernández-Mallat studies alternation between tuteo and voseo in Santiago Spanish and argues that voseo has covert prestige in informal speech. (SciELO)
- Spoken corpora: PRESEEA includes Santiago Spanish, and COSCACH is a large corpus of spoken Chilean Spanish for phonetic, sociolinguistic, lexical, and discourse research. (Preseea)
Source note
The Spanish example sentences here are original usage examples built from the cited meanings; they are not copied from external dictionaries, forums, or articles. Meanings and etymologies come from the linked DLE/RAE, ASALE, SciELO, MDPI, Memoria Chilena, PRESEEA, Vernon Press, and El País sources.